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James Freeman Clarke (April 4, 1810 – June 8, 1888) was an American theologian and author. ==Biography== Born in Hanover, New Hampshire, James Freeman Clarke attended the Boston Latin School, graduated from Harvard College in 1829, and Harvard Divinity School in 1833. Ordained into the Unitarian church he first became an active minister at Louisville, Kentucky, then a slave state, and soon threw himself into the national movement for the abolition of slavery. His mild theology was unusual for the conservative town and, reportedly, several women walked out of his first sermon. As he wrote to his friend Margaret Fuller, "I am a broken-winged hawk, seeking to fly at the sun, but fluttering in the dust."〔Marshall, Megan. ''Margaret Fuller: A New American Life''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013: 77. ISBN 978-0-547195605〕 In 1839 he returned to Boston where he and his friends established (1841) the Church of the Disciples which brought together a body of people to apply the Christian religion to social problems of the day. One of the features that distinguished his church was Clarke's belief that ordination could make no distinction between him and them. They also were called to be ministers of the highest religious life. Of this church he was the minister from 1841 until 1850 and again from 1854 until his death. He was also secretary of the Unitarian Association and, in 1867-1871, professor of natural religion and Christian doctrine at Harvard. Clarke contributed essays to ''The Christian Examiner'', ''The Christian Inquirer'', ''The Christian Register'', ''The Dial'', ''Harper's'', ''The Index'', and ''Atlantic Monthly''. In addition to sermons, speeches, hymnals, and liturgies, he published 28 books and over 120 pamphlets during his lifetime. Clarke edited the ''Western Messenger'', a magazine intended to carry to readers in the Mississippi Valley simple statements of liberal religion and what were then the most radical appeals to national duty and the abolition of slavery. Copies of this magazine are now valued by collectors for containing the earliest printed poems of Ralph Waldo Emerson, a personal friend and a distant cousin.〔Richardson, Jr., Robert D. ''Emerson: The Mind on Fire''. Berkeley & Los Angeles, CA: The University of California Press, 1995: p.175. ISBN 0-520-08808-5〕 Clarke became a member of the Transcendental Club alongside Emerson and several others.〔Gura, Philip F. ''American Transcendentalism: A History''. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007: 7–8. ISBN 0-8090-3477-8〕 Many of Clarke's earlier published writings were addressed to the immediate need of establishing a larger theory of religion than that espoused by people who were still under the influence of Calvinism. For the ''Western Messenger'', Clarke requested written contributions from Margaret Fuller. Clarke published Fuller's first literary review—criticisms of recent biographies on George Crabbe and Hannah More.〔Von Mehren, Joan. ''Minerva and the Muse: A Life of Margaret Fuller''. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994: 64–66. ISBN 1-55849-015-9〕 She later became the first full-time book reviewer in journalism working for Horace Greeley's ''New York Tribune''.〔Callow, Philip. ''From Noon to Starry Night: A Life of Walt Whitman''. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992: 110. ISBN 0-929587-95-2〕 After Fuller's death in 1850, Clarke worked with William Henry Channing and Emerson as editors of ''The Memoirs of Margaret Fuller Ossoli'', published in February 1852.〔Von Mehren, Joan. ''Minerva and the Muse: A Life of Margaret Fuller''. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994: 343. ISBN 1-55849-015-9〕 The trio censored or reworded many of Fuller's letters;〔Blanchard, Paula. ''Margaret Fuller: From Transcendentalism to Revolution''. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1987: 339. ISBN 0-201-10458-X〕 they believed the public interest in Fuller would be temporary and that she would not survive as a historical figure.〔Von Mehren, Joan. ''Minerva and the Muse: A Life of Margaret Fuller''. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994: 342. ISBN 1-55849-015-9〕 Nevertheless, for a time, the book was the best-selling biography of the decade and went through thirteen editions before the end of the century.〔 In 1855, Clarke purchased the former site of Brook Farm, intending to start a new Utopian community there. This never came to pass, instead the land was offered to President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War; the Second Massachusetts Regiment used it for training and named it "Camp Andrew".〔Felton, R. Todd. ''A Journey into the Transcendentalists' New England''. Berkeley, California: Roaring Forties Press, 2006: 129. ISBN 0-9766706-4-X〕 In November 1861, Clarke was in Washington, D.C. with Samuel Gridley Howe and Julia Ward Howe. After hearing the song "John Brown's Body", he suggested that Mrs. Howe write new lyrics; the result was "The Battle Hymn of the Republic".〔Williams, Gary. ''Hungry Heart: The Literary Emergence of Julia Ward Howe''. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999: 208. ISBN 1-55849-157-0〕 Clarke was an advocate of human rights. Being a Boston Latin School alumnus, he served on a committee of the Massachusetts Society for the University Education of Women which was greatly instrumental in establishing Girls' Latin School in 1878. Tempered and moderate in his views of life, he was a reformer and a conciliator and never carried a pistol as fellow preacher Theodore Parker did. He published few verses, but is regarded by some as a poet at heart. A diligent scholar, among the books by which he became well known is one called ''Ten Great Religions'' (2 vols, 1871–1883). James Freeman Clarke was one of the very first Americans to explore and write about Eastern religions. A portrait of Clarke painted by E.T. Billings hangs in the Boston Public Library.〔http://www.bpl.org/general/trustees/clarke.htm Retrieved 2010-10-02〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「James Freeman Clarke」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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